OK - so I've been on hiatus for a couple of months now... Thanks for your understanding and bearing with me. Let's see what we missed....

On the one hand, if you look at where I left off in the middle of May, we're not really that far off - and in points terms, the market didn't move that much while I was away. On the other hand, a lot has happened and yon chart has tons to say to us.
200 Day MA
First up, and most important for our purposes, the S&P *finally* put in a top of the big March rally and is now clearly retreating.
Look at the dotted yellow line - this is the 200 day moving average, considered by many to be one of the most important of the moving averages. My understanding is that major institutions (the "big money") consider the 200ma to define their long-term bias of market sentiment - above the 200 they're looking to buy, below the 200 they're looking to sell. Just for chuckles, the last time the S&P spent any time at all above the 200 was back in Dec 2007. And we know how the market has done since then....
And looky-look at the first 10 trading days in June (that's 2 weeks - half a month). Tried really hard to break through the 200ma (only managed to actually close above it - barely - once) - and was stopped stone cold.
Crossing the 200ma might have sparked a major rally. Failing at the 200ma instead is potentially psychologically devastating. How devastating? Almost every day of those 2 weeks they managed to push the S&P over the barrier only to see it fall back at the close. Every day for 2 weeks.
Imagine you're a big money guy.... Crushed by the events of last fall, you see a miraculous turn-around in March. Over the course of the spring the rally won't die - each successive MA is taken until, finally, only the big 200ma remains. The one that turns this into an actual bull market. The media is going nuts about "green shoots" (give me a break). Everybody thinks that, well, that wasn't too bad and now we can put all that unpleasantness behind us and ride the gravy train back up to the heights. Crossing the 200 will turn that from resistance into support and things will only go higher from there. And for 2 weeks that was dangled right in front of their eyes.... and .... FAIL.
If you did this stuff for a living you'd be disgusted and depressed too, wouldn't you?
Head-And-Shoulders
The second thing to look at on this little mini-chart is the completion of a head-and shoulders formation, which is a reversal formation.
The left shoulder was put it in May, the head is the June 200ma attempt, and the right shoulder at the end of June and beginning of July. Notice how both shoulders met resistance at the exact same level. The market had been moving up from the March rally, met resistance (the left shoulder), pulled back and found support, rose again past the left shoulder resistance level, hit a new resistance (the head), pulled back again, but almost to the level of the pullback after the first shoulder, rose again, but was unable to break that first shoulder resistance level (and lower than the resistance formed by the head), forming the second shoulder, and finally gave up the ghost this week by failing to find support at the first shoulder's support level (usually called the "neckline"), completing the head-and-shoulders pattern, and confirming the reversal.
Remember - an uptrend is "higher highs and higher lows" and a downtrend is "lower highs and lower lows". The head-and-shoulders pattern very nicely illustrates the point where the one becomes the other.
Moving Averages
I prefer to use 13day-, 26day-, and 50day MAs for shorter term clues of market direction than the 200day (should daily price action that happened 9 months ago have any bearing on daily short term movements today? not so much...). On my charts they are orange (13ma), red (26ma), and blue (50ma).solid lines.
Notice that before the "head" in June, that, as is usual in an uptrend, (and you might wish to scroll back up to look at the larger version of this chart for a better look), the "quicker" MAs (i.e., those that use fewer and so, more recent, datapoints than the "slower" MAs which use more datapoints and reflect a longer history - in this case, the 13ma is "quicker" than the 26ma - and both, of course, are quicker than the 50) are higher than the slower ones. In an uptrend the order will be price above the 13, 13 above the 26, and 26 above the 50. The larger chart uptop shows this very clearly in April once the MAs starting reflecting the March rally. Also notice that the lines are all sloping upward, and that the S&P found support several times at the 26ma during this time period (MAs often act as good support/resistance levels - remember that 200ma resistance in June?).
When the MAs start crossing over each other signifies a change in the market. For example, in an uptrend, the prices of the past 13 days that make up the 13ma are higher than the prices for the past 26 days (which is the past 13 days, plus the previous 13 days which, obviously were lower). When prices during the most recent 13 day average (the "quicker") become lower than those 13 days plus the 13 before that (the "slower") the 13ma line crosses over and drops below the 26. If the downtrend continues, both will eventually drop below the 50ma line, and prices will drop below the MAs giving the mirror image of the uptrend. The order during a downtrend will be 50, 26, 13, price (look back at some of my posts and charts from February to see this very clearly).
So at the end of June (the right shoulder) the 13ma dropped below the 26, and then prices started dropping determinedly below the MAs. Given enough time (a few more down days, actually), both the 13 and the 26 will drop below the 50 (the 50ma, being slower, still includes many price points from back in May before the top, but the longer time goes on, those price points will drop out of the average calculation to be replaced with less, uh.. optomistic price points), all MAs will be sloping downward, and the MAs will fully reflect the downturn.
The Bottom Line
There's lots more I want to talk about, but for right now, the take-away from this post is that I've illustrated 3 different ways that the March rally is now finally over, a top has been put in place, and we are in the beginnings of a downtrend. I wouldn't be in any long positions are right now - we have no way of knowing how far down this downtrend will go or how long it will last or whether those "green shoots" will wither and turn brown under the summer sun.